Agosto de 1942. Um homem governa a Europa. De Berlim, ele controla um império que além da Alemanha inclui a Áustria, Tchecoslováquia, Polónia, Dinamarca, Noruega, Luxemburgo, Holanda, Bélgica, França, Lituânia, Letônia, Estônia, Hungria, Roménia, Bulgária, Iugoslávia, Albânia, Grécia, várias ilhas mediterrâneas, quase toda a costa setentrional da África e 2.000.000 de km² da antiga União Soviética.
A Itália de Mussolini é sua aliada. A Espanha de Francisco Franco e Portugal de Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, são seus simpatizantes. Na Europa só restam neutras a Suécia, a Suíça e a Turquia. A Europa está nas mãos de Adolf Hitler.
No entanto, a expansão do nazismo havia atingido seu ponto crítico. Do outro lado do Mediterrâneo, na África, os contra-ataques dos exércitos britânicos haviam detido o avanço dos alemães. A leste, o Terceiro Reich encontrara um obstáculo intransponível: a cidade russa de Stalingrado.
Lentamente, mudavam os ventos da fortuna.
Mulheres atuando na artilharia anti aerea na Inglaterra – Fonte – Office official photographer
Em fevereiro de 1943, as tropas alemãs que assediavam Stalingrado (atual Volgogrado) rendiam-se ao marechal russo Zhukov. Em maio, o famoso general alemão Rommel era definitivamente derrotado na África, e em julho o general americano Mark Clark conduzia as forças americanas e aliadas, invadindo a Itália. Não obstante, o avanço soviético a leste e anglo-americano ao sul era penoso. Embora os aliados mantivessem a hegemonia no Atlântico e aumentassem sistematicamente sua vantagem aérea, em terra o poderio alemão parecia invencível, apesar de algumas derrotas.
Praias na França semanas antes do Dia D – Fonte – Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-05,_Pas_de_Calais,_Atlantikwall,_Panzersperren
Através do canal da Mancha, o exército alemão de ocupação na França e as tropas aliadas acantonadas na Inglaterra entreolhavam-se ferozmente. Mas a guerra poderia arrastar-se sem fim, a menos que fosse aberta uma terceira frente que levasse diretamente ao coração da Alemanha. O caminho para lá atravessava a França. Era preciso invadi-la partindo da Inglaterra.
O Afiar das Garras
Em maio de 1944, é a invasão. Concentram-se na Inglaterra dezessete divisões britânicas e vinte divisões americanas. Havia ainda tropas remanescentes que escaparam dos territórios ocupados: uma divisão polonesa, sob o comando do General Sikorski, e outra francesa, sob a liderança de um homem muito alto, cujo nome estava popularizando-se rapidamente: Charles de Gaulle, que nos anos anteriores organizara um governo livre na Argélia.
Bombardeio quadrimotor norte americano B-24, do 376th Bombardment Group.
Os aliados contavam com 16 mil aviões, dos quais 3.467 bombardeiros pesados e 5.407 caças. Mais de 6 mil navios de todo tipo esperavam ao largo da costa o dia do desembarque. Ao todo, quase três milhões de homens prontos para o combate. (ATENÇÃO – Um dos pilotos da Real Força Aérea Inglesa, que inclusive morreu em combate no Dia D, nasceu em Recife, Pernambuco e pilotava um caça Mustang P-51 – VEJA EM – https://tokdehistoria.com.br/2022/11/04/exclusivo-quem-foi-o-brasileiro-que-morreu-no-dia-d-pilotando-um-caca-mustang/ )
Sir Leigh Mallory, comandante-chefe da força aérea, ordenava incursões diárias sobre o território ocupado, despejando milhares de toneladas de bombas. Os clandestinos maquis da Resistência Francesa intensificavam seus ataques contra as linhas de comunicação e suprimento inimigas.
Os alemães também estavam prontos. Conheciam os preparativos maciços que se faziam na Inglaterra e ignoravam somente o ponto exato da invasão. Hitler jactava-se da “Muralha Atlântica”, descrevendo-a como “um cinturão de fortalezas e gigantescas fortificações, desde a Noruega aos Pireneus”.
Típico oficial alemão durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.
No entanto, havia pontos fracos na defesa germânica. A “Muralha Atlântica” era menos poderosa do que o próprio Hitler acreditava. As comunicações alemãs, sob contínua pressão de bombardeiros e ações de sabotagem, começavam a se tornar deficientes. A Luftwaffe (força aérea alemã) tornava-se impotente para, ao mesmo tempo, bombardear os territórios aliados e defender as áreas ocupadas.
Na verdade, os alemães contavam com duas armas: nas praias os canhões camuflados com as cercas de arame farpado da “Muralha Atlântica” e 60 divisões de exército distribuídas pela Europa ocidental. O problema que se apresentava aos estrategistas do Eixo era a tática a adotada. Hitler e Rommel confiavam nas fortificações costeiras e pretendiam destruir os invasores nas praias atacadas. O Marechal von Rundstedt, comandante do exército, preferia confiar em seus soldados. Seu plano era permitir o desembarque e depois proceder a um contra-ataque organizado.
O grosso das tropas, equipamentosa e armamentos seguiu a bordo de centenas de navios de transporte.
A controvérsia era importante. O projeto de Hitler pressupunha uma superioridade de fogo alemã em qualquer ponto que os aliados atacassem. Nas praias seria jogado o sucesso ou fracasso da invasão. Se as forças anglo-americanas conquistassem as praias, a Alemanha se veria obrigada a recair na defensiva. O plano de Rundstedt era mais cauteloso e se baseava na superior mobilidade das tropas alemãs. Sua ideia era proceder a uma ação de retardamento, permitindo o desembarque enquanto concentrava forças para contra golpear. Esse plano tinha duas vantagens: afastaria o combate principal das praias, eliminando o fator surpresa e impediria que as linhas fossem rompidas ao primeiro impacto do ataque. Mas prevaleceu, naturalmente, o plano de Hitler. Entretanto nenhum dos planos tomou em consideração um problema sério e básico: o apoio da população local aos aliados.
Hora, Dia e Lugar
Os soldados de infantaria dos Estados Unidos atravessam as ondas ao desembarcarem na Normandia, no Dia D. (Foto AP)
O lugar aparentemente mais lógico para a realização da invasão era o passo de Calais, onde o mar se estreita e poucos quilômetros separam Calais, na França, de Dover, na Inglaterra. De fato, na região acotovelavam-se milhares de soldados e grandes quantidades de armas e equipamentos. Os observadores alemães davam conta de grande movimentação de tropas. Parecia certo que a qualquer momento os aliados atacariam Calais.
No entanto, tudo era falso. Os aviões e tanques que os espias alemães viam concentrar-se eram de madeira, borracha e papelão. A atividade das tropas era feita de maneira a fazer supor que seu efetivo era muitas vezes superior à realidade. O local do ataque não era Calais, mas as costas da Normandia, mais ao sul.
Rotas de desembarque no Dia D na Normandia – Fonte – Wikipedia
O objetivo eram cinco praias na baía do Rio Sena, que receberam nome em código: Utah e Omaha a oeste, cuja captura estaria a cargo do I Exército americano, chefiado pelo general Omar Bradley. Gold, June e Sword, a leste, seriam alvos das tropas anglo-canadenses do II Exército britânico. Na França o comando geral pertenceria ao general inglês Bernard Law Montgomery. O comandante em chefe de toda a operação era o então general Dwight D. Eisenhower.
O dia marcado precisava ser suficientemente claro para permitir o lançamento de para quedistas durante a noite e facilitar as missões de apoio aéreo. Também era necessário que a maré fosse baixa, para evitar os obstáculos colocados à beira-mar, e que o oceano estivesse tranquilo, para os navios de assalto efetuarem a travessia sem contratempos. Escolheu-se 5 de junho. E a notícia foi transmitida em código à Resistência Francesa, para preparar o auxílio em terra.
Navios de desembarque descarregando tanques e suprimentos na Praia de Omaha na Normandia- Fonte – Wikipedia
Operação Overlord
O dia 5 de junho chegou e passou. Nada aconteceu. O mau tempo fizera com que que a data fosse transferida. A Eisenhower cabia uma importante decisão: o tempo não melhoraria antes de 7 de junho, quando terminaria a fase das marés favoráveis. Condições ideais só existiriam meses depois. Competia-lhe adiar a invasão por tempo indeterminado ou arriscar-se a atacar sob condições atmosféricas desfavoráveis. A decisão era: atacar.
À zero hora de 6 de junho, a Real Força Aérea britânica começou a despejar 6.000 toneladas de bombas sobre objetivos militares entre Cherburgo e Le Havre. Começara a Operação Overlord. Chegara o Dia D.
Tanques M4 Sherman do Exército dos Estados Unidos em uma embarcação de desembarque (LCT), pronto para a invasão da França, final de maio ou início de junho de 1944 – Fonte – Wikipedia
À 01h30, os paraquedistas ingleses da 6.ª Divisão eram lançados sobre Breville. Sua missão era capturar o local e proteger os movimentos da ala esquerda britânica em Sword. Ao mesmo tempo, os homens da 82ª e 101ª divisões aerotransportadas dos Estados Unidos saltavam à retaguarda da praia de Utah, no rumo da localidade de Sainte-Mère-Eglise. Deveriam estabelecer uma cabeça de ponte e aguardar a chegada do 7º Corpo do Exército, que desembarcaria em Utah e desviaria para oeste, a fim de isolar a península de Cotentin. Os aliados precisavam de um porto, e o escolhido foi o de Cherburgo. Essa ação destinava-se a tomá-lo.
Ao alvorecer, os bombardeiros americanos atiraram mais de 3.000 toneladas de bombas sobre as defesas da costa. Às 06h30, com a cobertura cerrada da artilharia naval, começava a invasão.
Poderio aéreo aliado era enorme durante o Dia D – Fonte – NARA.
Na Normandia, o VII Exército alemão, com quinze divisões, foi colhido de surpresa. Confiando no mau tempo, o Comandante Dollman se ausentara, assim, como seu superior, Rommel. Rundstedt, ante a gravidade da situação, pediu imediatamente permissão ao Quarte General para colocar em combate as reservas mecanizadas.
A 352ª Divisão alemã conseguiu criar muitos problemas para os americanos em Omaha, infligindo pesadas perdas. A direita inglesa também foi paralisada. Mas, em Utah, as tropas dos Estados Unidos penetraram nove quilômetros, conectando com as forças da 101ª Divisão Aerotransportada. Do outro lado, em Juno, os canadenses avançavam onze quilômetros. E, na esquerda, Breville e Ouistreham eram capturadas pelos ingleses.
Praia Gold – Fonte – Wikipedia
O único contra-ataque violento sobre os ingleses foi desferido pela 21ª Divisão Panzer durante a tarde, pois só às 15h30 o Quartel General alemão resolvera permitir a Rundstedt que lançasse mão das reservas blindadas. No entanto, era muito tarde para impedir o desembarque. Correndo o risco de se verem isolados, os defensores da costa foram forçados a retroceder.
Ao cair da noite, os aliados haviam rompido a “Muralha Atlântica” entre os rios Vire e Orne, estabelecendo uma frente de 48 quilômetros. Terminara o Dia D.
O Terceiro Reich: Princípio do Fim
Prisioneiros de guerra alemães em 19 de agosto de 1944 às 14h00. Eles renderam-se ao grupo de batalha da 4ª Divisão Blindada Canadense – Fonte -http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/second_world_war/clips/1303/ Aujourd’hui: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mlq/4431414623/
Os dias posteriores foram dramáticos. Rundstedt lançava contragolpes desesperados em toda a frente. Enquanto isso, o XVº Exército alemão, com dezessete divisões, permanecia inútil em Calais, aguardando uma invasão que jamais viria. Em 13 de junho, os aliados já haviam desembarcado 326 mil homens, 54 mil veículos e 104 mil toneladas de provisões.
Com incontestável supremacia aeronaval, os aliados firmavam suas cabeças de praia e iniciavam o avanço para o interior. A 19 de junho, uma tempestade causou-lhes sério revés, destruindo o porto artificial americano em Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer e avariando seriamente o dos ingleses em Arromanches. Mas, a 27 de junho, Cherburgo rendia-se e os aliados conquistavam um porto definitivo.
Soldados canadenses com uma bandeira nazista capturada – Wikipedia
Depois disso, a ofensiva foi lenta, mas inexorável. Os soviéticos avançavam a leste. E Hitler conhecia o terrível significado da guerra em todas as frentes. O rumo dos aliados era Paris, mas não puderam tomá-la. Essa glória coube à infatigável Resistência Francesa, que organizou um levante popular a 25 de agosto. No mesmo mês há um novo desembarque aliado, desta vez ao sul da França. A Alemanha recua em todas as frentes. Em novembro, o persistente von Rundstedt engendra um contra-ataque nas Ardenas, para chegar à Bélgica e cortar as linhas de comunicação aliadas. Mas o ataque fracassa e o Terceiro Reich agoniza. As forças aliadas atravessavam as fronteiras do mundo concentracionário nazista, para varrê-lo do mapa e da história.
Cemitério militar canadense de Beny-sur-Mer – Fonte – Wikipedia.
Fonte – Enciclopédia Conhecer, Abril S.A, Cultural e Industrial, São Paulo-SP, 1974 – Volume VII – páginas 1558 e 1559.
Adventures and epics at sea have always attracted general interest, and this is a very ancient fascination. Narratives about the elements of maritime nature are almost always worth reading. But typically, the protagonists of these incredible feats are men.
And if a woman were the protagonist of a genuine and gripping sea story, would her accomplishments be equally appreciated in today’s society?
It doesn’t seem like it to me!
This would be the image of Mary Ann Brown as a child.
To my surprise, this remarkable woman, with an incredible story of survival at sea, is largely forgotten in her own country. And it is a country known for highly valuing its own history.
And look, at the time the events happened, she was only 19 years old and pregnant with her first child. But that did not prevent her from taking over as the captain of a large sailboat after her husband, the captain, became seriously ill. She did this in the midst of the treacherous storms of Cape Horn and the Drake Passage, which included extremely cold temperatures, giant waves, hurricane-force winds, and many other challenges. She also faced a tyrannical first officer and a crew that attempted to mutiny. However, she overcame fatigue, fear, and pain, and managed to reach her destination.
This is your story!
A Woman of the Sea
In the northeastern United States, in the state of Massachusetts, lies the great city of Boston. Just in front of it is the city of Chelsea, a place that has had a strong connection with the ocean since its early days. In the mid-19th century, Chelsea developed as a significant industrial center for sailboat construction, establishing itself as a powerhouse in this sector in the United States. This led to the city attracting skilled workers from all over the country. And it was in this city where, in the first decades of the 19th century, the English couple George and Elizabeth Brown arrived.
George was a professional sailor, experienced with many years at sea. In the new city, he quickly became involved in maritime activities. Isabel, as was customary in the 19th century, had the sole objective of her life to care for her home and her children. Even more so as the wife of a sailor, she was often away from home, sometimes for years.
Mary Ann Brown Patten.
But these absences did not prevent George and Elizabeth from creating a large family, whose children were connected to the sea. In this era, it was not surprising that Mary Ann Brown, born in 1837, married at the age of 16 to Joshua Patten, a charming sea captain who was nine years her senior. Mary Ann was described as a beautiful young woman with attractive features, refined and graceful manners, a slim and petite figure, long dark hair, and vibrant brown eyes.
Joshua worked at the helm of sailboats, transporting cargo and passengers from New York to Boston. But he was a rising star among ship captains, so it was no surprise when he was offered the command of a sleek and powerful Clipper.
This type of ship emerged as trade and the global economy expanded. Basically, it was a type of fast-loading sailboat that originated in the United States and had its heyday in the mid-19th century. The most striking features of the ship were its well-cut bow, narrow width in relation to its length, and high achievable speeds. These features resulted in limited cargo space in favor of speed. The masts, posts, and frames were relatively large, and additional downwind sails were often used. This type of vessel requires a large number of experienced and well-prepared crew members and commanders. Joshua Patten was one of them!
A Woman on Board
He was assigned a sailboat weighing more than 1,600 tons, with massive sails, and named Neptune’s Car.
Original drawing of the Clipper Neptune’s Car.
This ship was launched on April 16, 1853, at the Page & Allen Company shipyard in the city of Portsmouth, Virginia. It was later acquired by the transport company Foster & Nickerson’s line from New York. In its time, Neptune’s Car was considered a long and elegant boat. It was 68 meters long, had a beam of 12 meters, and could carry 1,616 tons of cargo. She had three tall masts and carried 25 sails, the largest of which was approximately 70 feet in diameter. A true colossus of its time.
Among the main destinations reached by the fast Clippers were the North American city of San Francisco, on the west coast of the United States. The problem was that, before the Panama Canal, the only way to reach there by sea was to depart from a port on the east coast, with New York being the main one, and sail south along the entire coast of North America.
A painting of the famous Clipper Cutty Sark by Jack Spurling. This ship, which also produces a great whiskey, is entirely preserved in England.
And from the south, crossing the treacherous Cape Horn and the Drake Passage, entering the Pacific Ocean, then tracing the entire South American coastline in a northerly direction, passing along the coast of Mexico, and finally reaching San Francisco. A trip lasting four months and covering approximately 24,000 kilometers. Despite the challenges and obstacles, this route played a crucial role in supporting the booming economy driven by gold mining in California. Shipping companies stood to make enormous profits by delivering food and supplies to the area promptly.
Neptune’s Car had successfully completed its first voyage between New York and San Francisco, with navigation proving to be successful. However, the relationship between the crew left something to be desired. Among the problems that occurred with the commander and the crew, there was no shortage of threats of mutiny. The captain warned that he would shoot anyone who dared to carry out such an idea. Evidently, everyone on board went to the street, and Joshua Patten was called to take command.
Original Clipper Neptune’s Car advertisement.
Soon, Lady Mary Ann Brown Patten insisted on joining her husband on his first voyage as the captain of Neptune’s Car. She had an opportunity that few women of her time would get: to see the world aboard a ship.
They traveled to the southernmost part of the American continent and entered the Pacific Ocean before reaching San Francisco. From this city, a new cargo transport job emerged, and they went to Shanghai, China, where they shipped a large quantity of tea destined for London, England. They returned to the Atlantic Ocean by navigating the treacherous Cape Horn on their way to their destination. They spent several months together at sea before returning to New York, Boston, and Chelsea.
Although women crewing ships was very rare at that time, it was not uncommon for the wives of commanding officers to be present on cargo ships. In the 19th century newspapers, it was common to find news articles on the National Library website about ships anchoring in the port of Rio de Janeiro. These articles would mention the ship’s name, tonnage, cargo, captain, crew members, and even highlight the presence of the commander’s wife, which the newspapers often praised.
Normally, during navigation, the wives of these officers would stay in their cabins, engaging in activities such as reading, knitting, or playing a musical instrument befitting of modest ladies. They would occasionally come out to get some fresh air and accompany their husbands on leisurely walks through the ports of destination.. But for Mary Ann Potter, staying on board would be different.
She didn’t want to merely be the “captain’s wife.” She was determined to be useful and learn everything she could to assist her husband on board the Neptune Car.
It is said that Mary Ann spent her time searching the ship’s small library, reading about the rudimentary medicine of her day, and assisting sailors with their ailments. Joshua, in turn, helped his wife in her quest for knowledge by teaching her the basics of navigation, meteorology, ropes, sails, and other duties of sailors. He also taught his wife how to navigate using equipment such as a sextant, compass, astrolabe, and navigation charts. Despite facing certain financial limitations, Mary received the necessary support from her family in Chelsea to receive an excellent education. She demonstrated no difficulties in grasping complex technical concepts.
What no one aboard the Neptune Car had any idea of was the future usefulness of these teachings.
And it would be a very problematic future!
The Greed of the Unclean
In July 1856, Neptune’s Car was preparing for its second voyage with Captain Joshua in command. Mary Ann would accompany her husband, but she was pregnant with her first child. But only she and Joshua shared this secret. They probably believed that there would be enough time to travel from New York to San Francisco, and that the child would be born in Chelsea upon their return. A somewhat risky idea.
An 1855 painting by Fitz Henry Lane showing New York Harbor.
Well, we know that at that time, women were taught to consider themselves and act as the “weaker sex,” and that they should always protect themselves to avoid problems. But I think Mary Ann missed that class!
The problems soon began.
During the charge, there was an accident, and Joshua’s loyal first officer broke his leg. Financiers Foster & Nickerson, eager to waste no time, placed an inexperienced young man named William Keeler in this delicate position. Something reckless, because after the commander, he was the first officer who made all the decisions on a ship.
The problems continued when Joshua began to feel unwell due to an unknown illness, which would only worsen his condition later. But Foster & Nickerson, a pair of ambitious and heartless capitalists, disregarded their employee’s predicament and cast him into the sea with Keeler.
The main reason for all this rush was that Foster & Nickerson didn’t just want to make a profit from the delivery of cargo. They placed a substantial wager against the owners of three other Clippers ships that were scheduled to travel the same route from New York to San Francisco, all departing simultaneously. Since the Neptune Car was still a relatively new ship, they wanted to demonstrate its capabilities and ensure that it would be the first to reach its destination port. It is true that the winning captain could earn between $1,000 and $3,000, which was considered a fortune at the time, if he completed the voyage first. Despite the encouragement, in fact, the Foster & Nickerson line followed the ancient tradition of wealthy individuals who were willing to risk the lives of their employees in order to outdo other wealthy individuals.
So off they went, and Joshua entrusted Keeler to stay the course while he tried to rest and recover with the assistance of his wife. But Keeler proved himself to be an incompetent idiot in no time at all. His list of infractions is impressive: he slept through half of his shifts, navigated courses through coral reefs, required orders for simple tasks, and ultimately, he outright refused to perform certain tasks with the sailors, such as raising sails. About a month after sailing from New York, Commander Joshua locked himself in his cabin.
The ship was far south and was now facing constant gales of snow and hail. None of the other crew members were able to handle the navigation. The second officer was illiterate, and the third was another idiot who happened to be a friend of Keeler.
Captain Joshua had to stay awake day and night to maintain the correct course. Because of this, he increasingly relied on Mary Ann to help him confirm her position, course, and speed. He acknowledged that she was a better mathematician than he. When the large ship reached the Strait of Le Maire, a narrow maritime passage between the Island of the States and the easternmost part of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, the captain’s condition worsened. He developed a fever, became delirious, and eventually became incapacitated in his cabin. Mary Ann then took charge for the first time.
Painting of a Clipper facing the waves of the feared Cape Horn.
If the problems were already enormous, to complicate things even further, Mother Nature seemed determined to attack that sailboat with all her might. At Cape Horn, the Neptune Car was rocked by fifty-foot waves and winds reaching speeds of 100 miles per hour. The sky darkened, transforming into a swirling mass of clouds, wind, and rain. Unsure of her exact location, Mary Patten decided that her only chance of survival was to temporarily deviate from the shortest course and head west, in anticipation of more favorable conditions. She then steered the ship towards the south-southeast, sailing with the wind. Thus, the Neptune Car quickly escaped the dangers of Cape Horn.
But the biggest threat was still that despicable Keeler.
Captain Mary Ann
Upon learning of the captain’s poor health, he sent Mary a letter offering to assume command if she released him. Given the extreme seriousness of her husband’s situation, she initially accepted the offer. Keeler kindly offered to relieve her of the burden and take control himself. But Mary Ann responded that she could not accept this condition since they had many problems as a couple. Keeler then attempted to incite the crew to mutiny, but fortunately, they refused.
The captain’s condition improved somewhat, and he agreed to let Keeler take the helm to relieve his wife of her duties. He may not have believed in Mary Ann’s abilities, but her condition was also complex. Regardless of this issue, it quickly became evident that it was a significant mistake.
First, due to the captain’s illness, Keeler prohibited Mary Ann from going on deck to take navigational measurements. Then, for reasons still unknown to those who investigated the matter, the first officer began secretly steering the ship towards the Chilean port of Valparaíso, despite explicit orders to go directly to San Francisco. However, he did not possess the competence of the sole woman on board.
Mary Ann, despite being largely confined to the dormitories, noticed that they were veering off course. And to prove it, she set up a basic compass in the captain’s quarters and demonstrated the situation to Joshua. Upon confirming the action and with thousands of dollars’ worth of valuable machinery and supplies for the California gold mining fields on board the ship, the captain ordered the first officer to be confined again, following a heated argument with Mary Ann.
But this was too much for Joshua. The captain developed pneumonia, which only complicated the undiagnosed illness he had at the beginning of the trip: tuberculous meningitis.
Mary, who was still in the sixth month of pregnancy, took full control of the ship. Despite her intellectual disabilities, she received support and assistance from the second officer. The Neptune Car continued to move forward through deadly storms that rocked the ship. Meanwhile, Joshua’s situation became increasingly worse. The infection had spread to his brain, causing him to become delirious, blind, and partially deaf.
Meanwhile, given the situation, Keeler attempted to convince the crew to join him in a mutiny against Mary Ann Patten. He heard the terrible rumors about the conspiracy and feared that desperation would make the crew vulnerable to his control. She couldn’t let that happen. The Dayle Tribune of New York later reported, “Mrs.” Patten gathered the sailors on deck and explained to them the dire situation of her husband, while also requesting their support for her and her second mate. Each man responded to her call with a promise to obey all of her orders. The incomparable Mrs. Patten now directed all movements on board.
Now, Captain Mary Ann Patten warned Keeler that she would report him to the San Francisco authorities for attempted rioting, and he would be sent to jail. It is worth noting that at that time, the most common sentence for mutineers was death by hanging.
Mary later commented that she spent 50 days wearing the same clothes, with minimal time for personal hygiene, amidst extreme stress, surrounded by a challenging team and a very ill husband. She felt the need to take charge of the ship and stay informed about everything that was happening at all times.
A Photograph of the Port of San Francisco in 1851.
Finally, four months after leaving New York, the ship arrived in San Francisco on November 15, 1856. Mary Ann took command and guided the ship to the dock. In total, she was alone in command of the ship for 56 days.
The spectators at the port were surprised. The ship’s second officer shouted for help to lift Captain Patten onto a stretcher. The proud captain looked thin and frail, with a pallid gray face. The dockworkers were even more curious about the presence of a delicate-looking young woman among the crew of men, giving orders. Judging by the roundness of her belly, it was evident that she was approximately six months pregnant. Despite this, she remained by her husband’s side as he was transported to the hospital. Soon, the news spread by word of mouth throughout San Francisco.
A Virginia state newspaper reporting the heroic deeds of Mary Ann Patten.
When the press learned how she managed to command a powerful Clipper, take care of her husband, protect the ship and cargo, and control the rogue first officer, all at the age of 19 and while pregnant, Mary Ann Patten became an instant celebrity. Newspaper after newspaper interviewed her.
Newspapers around the world, including those as far away as London, began reporting this news. Eager journalists began piecing together the sad yet inspiring story. Meanwhile, she discovered that her boat had even come in second place in the “Clippers Race of 1856,” something she was not prepared for. Arriving in San Francisco, Ella Mary became a national sensation.
It turns out that Captain Joshua Patten was a Freemason, and to support him during his illness, they received significant assistance from the California Masonic Temple. They also received support from Freemasonry to return aboard a ship, the George Law, which would take them to New York and then to Boston.
In New York, a journalist from the New York Daily Tribune (page 5, 02/18/1857) commented that the couple was staying at the Battery Hotel. It was mentioned that Joshua was carried in a litter from the ship to the hotel by his Mason brothers. And that his condition was “delicate.” So delicate that the journalist, without any sense, stated that Mary Ann “would soon be a widow.” Even in connection with Freemasonry, where Joshua Patten was before coming to Boston, he received the support of the Masonic brothers.
While the couple returned home, William Keeler never went to prison or faced execution. Still aboard the Neptune Car, he escaped with the assistance of a companion and vanished. He must have changed his name and, who knows, become a gigolo in a Wild West tavern, or a horse thief, or a loan shark, etc.
The Early End of a Sea Warrior
After arriving in Boston and Chelsea, despite the media attention, she encountered a problem with her husband’s company. Even though Mary Ann was pregnant and her husband was very ill, Foster & Nickerson adamantly refused to pay Joshua his salary and bonuses. They claimed that he had handed over the ship to someone “without any training or experience.” They remained stubborn until the end and never paid a single cent, despite the fact that the captain clearly deserved it.
Mary wrote a letter to the insurance company, Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company, explaining what had happened during the trip. It was only after a public outcry that the company awarded Joshua a $5,000 bonus and showed its magnanimity by sending Mary Ann $1,000. Prize of the year. Anyway, the cargo he saved was worth $350,000.
Journalists who followed the story were not impressed by the “generosity.” The New York Daily Tribune of April 1, 1857 sarcastically proclaimed, “One thousand dollars for a heroine… from the charitable and grateful hands of eight insurance companies with capitals large enough to insure a navy…”
Being an educated woman of the 19th century, she wrote to them to sincerely thank them and asked them to also acknowledge the crew members of Neptune’s Car who had supported her and her husband. And as a Victorian woman, she downplayed her own role, stating that she was “merely fulfilling her duties as a wife for the sake of her husband.”
A Boston newspaper launched a campaign to cover the expenses of Joshua’s ongoing medical care, as well as the upcoming birth of his first child. Mary Ann received $1,399.
As commented by a journalist from the New York Daily Tribune, Mary Ann was soon widowed. Joshua died on July 26, 1857, at the age of 30, at McLean Asylum in Boston. He died blind, deaf, and completely unconscious. He didn’t even know that Mary Ann had given birth to his son, Joshua Patten Jr. On the day of his death, the port’s maritime flags flew at half-mast, and church bells tolled in his honor.
The New York Daily Tribune – 07-28-1857.
But the problems did not end. Shortly after, Mary’s father, who was also a sailor, was lost at sea.
Unfortunately, Mary Ann Brown Patten never fully recovered from the intense experience. In 1860, she also contracted tuberculosis. On March 17, 1861, at the young age of 23 years, 11 months, and 11 days, she died. She is buried in Boston next to her husband.
Mortuary of Mary Ann Patten, in a Baltimore city newspaper.
Memory
In Brazil, there is an idea that the United States is a nation that “highly values its history,” that the people there “are very patriotic,” and that it “gives a lot of value to its symbols and heroes.” However, in the case of Mary Ann Patten, this is not so!
Today, despite the significance of the events in 1856, this woman is primarily remembered for being recognized as the first woman to command a merchant ship in the United States. As a tribute to her, a hospital called Patten Health Service Clinic, in the Merchant Navy, bears her name. The Academy of that country is located in King’s Point, New York. And this happened more than 100 years after her accomplishment.
As far as I have researched, no American ship is named after her. Even during World War II, when the United States built an immense fleet of cargo ships, known as “Liberty ships,” with an astonishing total of 2,710 completed, none of them were named in honor of this woman. Several of these ships were named after women. I could be wrong, but I found no reference to her life being the subject of a Hollywood movie or documentary. I know she was the inspiration for a novel, but I haven’t found a more comprehensive literary work about her life.
But what happened to her in 1856 is something that should not be forgotten.
TOK de HISTÓRIA 